• • • • (minority) • • • (50%) • • OTL Releasing Website Universal Pictures (also known as Universal Studios, formerly Universal Film Manufacturing Company) is an American owned by through the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned subsidiary. Founded in 1912 by, Mark Dintenfass,, Adam Kessel,, William Swanson,, Robert H. Cochrane, and, it is the oldest surviving film studio in the, the world's fifth oldest after,,, and, and the oldest member of 's studios in terms of the overall film market. [ ] Its are located in, and its corporate offices are located in.

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Universal Pictures is a member of the (MPAA), and was one of the 'Little Three' majors during. Mark Dintenfass, co-founder of Universal Universal Studios was founded by, Mark Dintenfass,, Adam Kessel,, William Swanson,, Robert H.

One story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the day's takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up to buy the first several. For Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Based on the used in cameras and projectors, along with other patents, the Trust collected fees on all aspects of movie production and exhibition, and attempted to enforce a monopoly on distribution.

Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures. In June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners.

That company quickly evolved into the (IMP), with studios in, where many early films in were produced in the early 20th century. Laemmle broke with Edison's custom of refusing to give and to performers. By naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the. In 1910, he promoted, formerly known as ', and actor, in what may be the first instance of a studio using stars in its marketing. Melodrama A Great Love (1916) by for Universal Big U. Dutch intertitles, 12:33.

Following the westward trend of the industry, by the end of 1912 the company was focusing its production efforts in the Hollywood area. On March 15, 1915,: 8 Laemmle opened the world's largest motion picture production facility,, on a 230-acre (0.9-km²) converted farm just over the from Hollywood. Studio management became the third facet of Universal's operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists. Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in small towns, producing mostly inexpensive,.

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In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films—Red Feather, low-budget programmers; Bluebird, more ambitious productions; and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included,,,, and, one of the few women directing films in Hollywood.: 13 Despite Laemmle's role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals,, and, Laemmle chose not to develop a. He also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt.

This policy nearly bankrupted the studio when actor-director insisted on excessively lavish production values for his films (1919) and (1922), but Universal shrewdly gained a return on some of the expenditure by launching a sensational that attracted moviegoers. Became a drawing card for Universal in the 1920s, appearing steadily in dramas. His two biggest hits for Universal were (1923) and (1925). During this period Laemmle entrusted most of the production policy decisions to. Thalberg had been Laemmle's personal secretary, and Laemmle was impressed by his cogent observations of how efficiently the studio could be operated. Promoted to studio chief, Thalberg was giving Universal's product a touch of class, but 's head of production lured Thalberg away from Universal with a promise of better pay.